DCS: Black Shark" is a PC game of the Russian Ka-50 attack helicopter and is the first title in a new Eagle Dynamics and The Fighter Collection simulation series:
"Digital Combat Simulator" (DCS). Following Eagle Dynamics' tradition of excellence, "DCS: Black Shark" will bring an even more realistic simulation experience than its predecessor "Flaming Cliffs". "DCS: Black Shark" will offer an unprecedented level of realism in regards to flight dynamics, instruments modeling, avionics systems, and weapon systems.
The artificial Intelligence of ground vehicles and helicopters has been improved dramatically as well as weapon modeling. A new Mission Editor includes a powerful electronic mapping system that allows user to easily create missions and campaigns.
A new campaign system allows the front line of the battlefield to move back and fourth according to your mission success or failure. Due to the increased flexibility of the DCS system, additional fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter add-ons will follow shortly.
The
Ka-50 flight and systems model has been implemented using the following
methodologies.
Helicopter Dynamics Modeling
Forces and moments
Rigid body dynamics equations have been used to
calculate the helicopter’s flight trajectory. In essence, this means that
all external forces and force momentums are used to calculate a body’s
position and rotation in 3-D space.
The Ka-50 airframe aerodynamic
properties are derived from its sub-element parameters: fuselage, wings, tail,
and landing gear. Each of these has its own position and orientation within the
airframe local-coordinate system and each has their own aerodynamic
characteristics. Each sub-element is calculated by independent lift-drag
coefficients diagrams, damage degree influencing the lift properties, and
center of gravity (CG) position and inertial characteristics. Aerodynamic
forces acting on each sub-element of the airframe are calculated separately in
their own coordinate system taking into account local airspeed of the
sub-element.
Contacts with the ground and external objects are modeled
based on rigid contact points system.
Landing Gear
Landing gear is modeled as separate
gear arms, each consisting of a wheel and an asymmetric shock absorber. The
nose wheel is self-orienting, based on acting external forces. Such a model
allows for modeling of realistic behavior including the development of shimmy
effects at high speeds. Retracting and lowering the landing gear can lead to CG
repositioning. When modeling landing gear operations their kinematic
properties, external and hydraulic forces are all taken into account. The
result is very realistic behavior in all conditions.
Ka-50 damages in
the game
Damage model
The damage model is based on
aerodynamic and rigid contact forces where applicable. Damages to airframe
components, landing gear, wheels, sensors and devices are all taken into
account. Any damage will affect the helicopter’s physical and functional
properties and reposition the CG.
Rotor model
The Ka-50 Black Shark’s rotor model
is revolutionary among helicopter simulators. It is based on a joint model of
each blade with its own complex motion relative to rotor axis and flapping
(horizontal) and hunting (vertical) hinges. Each blade is separated into
multiple segments, each having its own air velocity vector based on its
orientation, twist, and induced velocity at current rotor section. Induced
velocity is calculated by solving the equations based on simultaneously
application of motion quantity theorem and blade element method. All this
produces natural helicopter dynamics such as conical rotor inclination in
forward flight (oscillations in hover with fixed stick, cyclic stick input
increasing accordingly to the airspeed), power excess after transition from
hover to forward flight, ground effect (over inclined surface or close to
ground objects), “vortex ring” phenomena, airflow stall from the
blades, blades intersection (collision). In the case of individual blade
damage, corresponding dynamics are naturally modeled as part of overall rotor
model.
Powerplant
Engines and power
train
The Ka-50 powerplant consists of a gearbox with
free-wheel clutches, two TV3-117VMA turbo-shaft engines with electronic engine
governors, an auxiliary power unit and turbo-gear.
For the first time
in flight simulation history, the engine model is based on detailed physics
model of turbo-shaft engine as a system of separate components of the engine
gas-dynamics system: engine inlet, compressor, combustion chamber,
high-pressure turbine and power-turbine with engine exhaust.
The model
corresponds to the real engine in all modes of operation in terms of output
power, acceleration, compressor RPM, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and fuel
consumption, in relation to the ambient air temperature and pressure. Operation
of bleed air valves is modeled for the compressor anti-stall system,
engine’s deicing system and the dust cyclone. By reducing the airflow
through the engine, these devices increase the EGT and lower the take-off power
of the engine. Engine components parameters degradation is implemented in the
model within the service life or in case of exceeded operation limitations of
take-off and emergency power modes or power loss with EGT over-limit.
TV3-117 engine
Compressor choking caused by intake icing is modeled
so that it leads to power loss, EGT increase, compressor stall and engine
flame-out. Flame-out is modeled using air-fuel ratio calculation in the
combustion chamber. The engine control system, as in real life, consists of
turbo-compressor (gas-generator- GG) RPM governor, power-turbine RPM governor,
automatic engine start-up and acceleration devices, electronic engine governor
(EEG) that limits the max EGT and monitors/limits the power-turbine RPM. Except
for direct engine control, the control system incorporates start-up cycle of
the APU, main engines and turbo-gear, engine and engine controls test equipment
like engine false start, engine vent (crank), EEG test, rotor (power-turbine)
RPM governor readjustment and many more.
The hydraulic system
The hydraulic system
incorporates all of the servo boosters, accumulators, tanks, and boost pumps.
As in the real system, it is subdivided into Main and Common systems, each
having its own lines, pumps and consumers. In the servo booster model, the
displacement of the output power rod as a function of the fluid pressure (and
selector valve position) is taken into account along with external factors such
as hinge moments, support reactions etc. The system pressure is determined by
the charge in the accumulators as a function of the pumps delivery and loads
consumption and also damage leaks.
Fuel system
Helicopter’s fuel system includes
fuel tanks, fuel lines, boost pumps and valves. Fuel usage leads to change in
the center of mass position within allowed operating limits. Fuel system is
fully controlled from the cockpit by the pilot.
Fuel System
diagram
Electrical System
Electrical system
The electrical system includes:
Main alternating current (AC) distribution system
Emergency alternating current (AC) distribution
system
Direct current (DC) distribution system
External electrical power sources for alternating and
direct current supply
The Ka-50 electrical power generation system provides
AC and DC power to the primary and emergency buses and distribution assemblies.
This power supply is used to run avionics systems, internal and external
lighting, hydraulic, fuel systems control and monitoring, engines, and
auxiliary power unit start up systems. When on the ground, an external power
cart can be used as an alternate power source. In addition to onboard power
generation capability, the Ka-50 also includes batteries that electrical power
can be drawn from.
The Alternating Current System
The primary electrical system is fed by alternating current (AC) 115/200 V, 400
Hz generators. This supply is further divided into left and right systems on
independent channels to provide system redundancy. Generator operation is
dependent upon the left and right engines being active as each engine contains
a gearbox that runs a generator. The left channel systems can be powered by the
right generator and the right channel systems are powered by the left
generator. In the event of both generators becoming inoperative, a back-up,
static DC to AC inverter can take over power to the most important systems and
direct current will trigger the in-flight warning system.
The
Direct Current System
Systems requiring direct current (DC)
power are supplied at 27V by use of AC to DC transformer-rectifiers.
Transformer-rectifiers are active while the generators are in operation. If one
of the transformer-rectifiers is switched off though, systems will be switched
to the operating transformer-rectifier. If both transformer-rectifiers and/or
generators are off-line, the most important avionics systems will be switched
to emergency DC power.
Damage to the electrical generation system is
also manifested in the visual damage model of the Ka-50. An event-oriented
approach is implemented such that a loss in electrical power to systems will
have a cascade effect. This specifically means that the loss of one electrical
system will have repercussions affecting linked elements of the electrical
system.
Ka-50 Avionics Systems Overview
Although a highly
detailed flight manual will be provided with DCS: Black Shark, the following
provides you with a small sampling of the avionics systems modeled in our
simulation of the Ka-50. Piloting, navigation, targeting and defensive systems
and included in this overview.
Cockpit Instruments
The Ka-50 cockpit instruments
are generally traditional electro-mechanical gauges that are mounted on the
front dash and side / back panels. These instruments are divided into three
general groups: flight control, engine control/monitoring and systems control.
Other cockpit interfaces include traditional switches, dials and
multiple-position switches. Additionally, the Ka-50 has multiple banks of
warnings lights and cockpit illumination controls.
Ka-50 cockpit
overview
AMMS ABRIS
display
Advanced Moving Map System AMMS (ABRIS)
The ABRIS
panel is a multi-function display that allows the pilot to perform the
following tasks:
Programming, editing and saving of waypoints, runways,
radio beacons, target locations and the ability to study terrain along the
flight route, etc.;
Ability to alter flight plan during mission;
Real-time determination of helicopter position
coordinates by using of built in navigational satellite system sensor
(GPS/GLONASS); display of the helicopter position on the electronic moving map
display; ability to cycle map scale; check cross-track error and the other
necessary navigation information;
Display of aeronautical information and flight plan
required for the navigation during all stages of a mission;
Reception of information from the autonomous pressure
altitude sensors and necessary processing of pressure altitude for the needs of
the built-in satellite navigation system sensor;
Reception and processing of information from the other
avionics systems such as the “Rubicon” targeting-navigation system
and data-link equipment.
Indicating the position of wingmen using data-link as
well as targeting line of sight vector from “Shkval” targeting
system.
Annotate moving map with text and symbols.
“Rubicon” Targeting-Navigation System
The
targeting-navigation system is designed to integrate combat, navigation and
flight tasks by processing both digital and analog information.
“Rubicon” is integrated with the “Shkval” targeting system,
airborne information display system and weapon control system.
Data entry panel
of Rubicon
“Radian” Navigation System
“Radian” is a sub-system of “Rubicon” that helps automate
flight navigation. “Radian” can store information in its memory such
as coordinates for two airfields, six waypoints of a flight plan, ten operative
targets, and four reference points.
I-251 “Shkval” System
The
“Shkval” system consists of a television camera combined with a laser
range-finder and laser illumination designator to guide the anti-tank missile
system.
The “Shkval” system can be ground-stabilizing and is
capable of auto-tracking a designated target. There are two Fields Of View
(FOV) levels: Wide FOV with a 6x magnification and narrow FOV with a 22x
magnification. FOV gimbal suspension limits are: ±35œ in azimuth
and +15œ to -80œ in elevation.
The video picture is shown as
a gray-scale image on the IT-23VM TV monitor.
The “Shkval”
can be set to scan for targets automatically and the angular rate of scan can
be manually be set by the pilot while in the cockpit.
To slew the
“Shkval” camera, the pilot uses a small mini-stick on the helicopter
cyclic.
Targeting complex
“Shkval”
The IT-23 video indicator of “Shkval”
system
“Ranet” Information Display System
The
“Ranet” information display system is designed for processing and
displaying flight, navigation and targeting information on the heads-up display
and the IT-23 video indicator.
Head-up display (HUD) ILS-31
The head-up display
(HUD) is modeled as a collimator optical device with focus set to infinity.
This allows the pilot to look outside the cockpit through the HUD while still
being able to read the symbols displayed on it.
Flight, navigation and
targeting information is displayed on the HUD which is received from the
“Ranet” information display system.
HUD and IT-23 with the “Ranet” information of display
system
Helmet-Mounted Sight (HMS)
The HMS system is
designed to hand-off targeting information to the “Shkval” system.
The angular coordinates from the HMS, as determined by the pilot’s line of
sight, are transmitting to the “Shkval” targeting system for
cueing.
The field of view limits are ±60œ in azimuth and
from -20œ to +45œ in elevation.
HMS pointer
OVN-1 Night Vision Goggles
Night vision goggles
(NVG) are included to allow the pilot to navigate in dark / low-light
conditions.
Outside cockpit view through night vision goggles
Autopilot
The autopilot system is integrated with
the targeting and navigation systems and it produces control input for
automatic flight system for deviation of the helicopter from the assigned
attitude and altitude.
Autopilot control
panel
Inertial Navigation System
The Ts-061 inertial
navigation system includes a gyro-platform and three accelerometers, designed
for the determination of the flight direction and the attitude of the
helicopter. The system also measures accelerations to calculate inertial speed
and position of the helicopter.
Air Data System
The air data system is designed to
receive input from various instruments, process these inputs and then present
them to the pilot.
Doppler Navigation System
The doppler navigation
system is used to determine the speed and angle of drift of the helicopter.
Data-link Equipment
The data-link system allows
exchange of up to 16 targets and reference points between helicopters. The
automatic exchange of ownship coordinates is updated between the four aircraft
of a flight. This data-link information is displayed on the
ABRIS.
Data-link control
panel
L-140 “Otklik” Laser Warning Receiver
The
laser warning receiver detects combat range-finders and laser designators. If
the helicopter is lased, an indication of the type of laser is provided and the
location quadrant that the laser is being detected from.
Laser warning
indicator
Countermeasures Equipment
The countermeasures
dispensers are located on the wing tips.
For the programming of
countermeasure dispensers, the UV-26 control panel is used. Depending on the
type of threat, the pilot can set the appropriate dispenser program for
expending chaff and/or flares. The pilot can determine the number of flares to
dispense in the volley, the time between each flare, and the time between
volleys. Using the control panel it is possible to select with dispenser to use
(left or right) and when to start or stop the dispensing program.
Original appearance of countermeasure dispensers
UV-26
dispensers control panel
UHF Radio R-800
The R-800 UHF radio allows the pilot
to communicate with the control tower and other aircraft. The R-800 is also
used to send and receive encrypted data link information.
R-800 panel (in
center)
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) ARK-22
The ADF
provides navigation using NDB (non directional beacon) or broadcasting radio
stations. It can also monitor ground radio stations in the MW band.
ADF panel (in
center)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Aircraft
The primary
innovation regarding AI aircraft in “Black Shark” is the inclusion of
a new and improved Flight Model (FM) system. In previous Eagle Dynamics
products such as Lock On, the AI-aircraft FM did not reach a high-level of
realism. For example: animations were sometimes used to supplement flight
dynamics equations; this would in turn lead to unrealistic flight behavior in
certain situations like high angles of attack and departures. This absence of
detailed angle of attack modeling and the influence of cross wind led to
problems when AI aircraft attempting to land in a cross-wind.
C-130 cross-wind
landing
For “Black Shark”, the same Standard
Flight Model (SFM) will be used for AI-controlled aircraft that was used for
player-controlled aircraft in “Lock On”. This improved FM will
provide much more realistic AI flight performance. Only the Advanced Flight
Model (AFM) featured in the Su-25T of “Lock On: Flaming Cliffs” game
is superior.
When using the SFM, the equations to derive aircraft
motion take into account the unique inertial and aerodynamic characteristics of
the aircraft. The engine model uses the factors of thrust and fuel-burn rate to
further determine aircraft speed and altitude. These calculations allow the SFM
to model realistic flight characteristics of aircraft (acceleration, rate of
climb, maximum altitude, maximum and minimum speed, turn radius, instantaneous
and sustained turn rates, range and flight duration). When converting the
“Black Shark” AI aircraft to the SFM standard, it was necessary to
modify more than 50 aircraft!
With this advancement in AI aircraft
flight dynamics, it is now possible for the AI to conduct more advanced flight
maneuvers and combat tactics:
The AI can now initiate climbs and descents at optimum
airspeed by using automatic calculations
Improvements to the level of mechanical control input
in relation to airspeed
AI aircraft are now able to perform cross-wind landings
and takeoffs from runways and aircraft carriers
AI aircraft now stay in formation in a more realistic
manner
AI aircraft now use more realistic means to jink and
maneuver against threats
Realistic speed limitations have been implemented
AI aircraft now return to base in a more realistic
manner when low on fuel
Maneuvering in within visual range combat has been
improved
AI aircraft have better avoidance skills when attached
from behind
AI aircraft have improved accuracy when attacking with
cannon and rockets
These improvements also lead to more realistic combat
between the player and AI aircraft.
Ground Vehicles, Ships and Weapons
SA-6 missile
BTR-80
Ground vehicles, ships and weapons such as bombs,
rockets, missiles and cannons have been significantly improved in “Black
Shark”. Improvements include:
The stable of active ground vehicles available from the
mission editor has been greatly expanded. These new models include new vehicle
types as well as substantial improvements to existing vehicles from
“Flaming Cliffs”. The level or 3D object detail, textures and
animations have been radically improved in comparison with “Flaming
Cliffs”.
Each ground vehicle can now use multiple types of
weapons simultaneously. For example: a tank can now engage other ground
vehicles with its main gun while at the same time engaging aircraft and
infantry with heavy and light machine guns. This results in a much more
realistic engagement process for ground vehicles.
The ballistic algorithms for cannons and guns have been
radically improved to include full physics modeling. Flight of such projectiles
is now very realistic.
Groups or ground vehicles now use much more advanced
algorithms to determine how the group will distribute its fire power, alter its
movement, and change its formation to best react to a target/threat. This has
led to much more realistic ground battles in which units behave with
intelligence.
The simulation algorithms of ground vehicles, ships and
weapons had been improved to provide a significant system performance
improvement. This allows users to place many detailed units in a mission
without a large system performance penalty.
All vehicles now include several Level Of Detail (LOD)
and also help assist in system performance.
Leg infantry units are now included.
AI Helicopters Flight Model
The flight dynamic model
of AI helicopters (hereinafter referred to as the “AI model”) in
“DCS : Black Shark” is a simplified version of the “advanced
model”, used for human-controlled helicopters. However, it is still based
on the same equations of calculating realistic motion. The standard model
provides realistic trajectories of motion and effects of control inputs during
maneuvers.
The primary feature of AI model is an approximation of
forces that are applied to the rigid body of a helicopter. With the AI model,
aerodynamics forces on the chassis and forces from the rotors are calculated by
using the same algorithms as in the advanced model with some simplifications to
reduce unnecessary calculations. For example: the standard model rotor model
calculates the inductive speed and the thrust in same manner as the advanced
model but with a reduced number of calculated segments taken into account. The
flap motion of blades and lift vector of the rotor are calculated using current
flight parameters and control inputs.
The aerodynamic portion of the AI
model includes a dynamic calculation of the fuselage as a source of aerodynamic
drag and as an empennage that provides the flight stability. Every AI
helicopter in the DCS series has its own unique set of empennages and fuselage
air flow properties.
AI Helicopter
AH-64A in action
The AI model includes a power plant that is composed
of engine(s) and a system that automatically maintains constant engine RPM. A
fuel governor controls the engine power in relation to collective input and the
difference between most efficient and current-setting rotor rpm. Maximum
available power at any given air pressure, altitude and temperature is
calculated by stored tables derived from the advanced engine model or from
available manufacturers’ data. The engine dynamic properties are modeled
with engine power lag. The gas generator rotor RPM is set according to actual
engine power.
As in the advanced model, the AI helicopters can use
tricycle landing gear that is composed of wheels, a compression strut and a
nonsymmetrical shock absorber.
The modeling of a unique fuselage and
empennages that comprise an AI helicopter provide realistic flight properties
when a helicopter is damaged. This is done by removing destroyed aircraft
elements from the aerodynamic calculations. Tail rotor, stub-wings, parts of
the main rotor (rotors), etc can be lost.
Even though controlled by the
computer, the AI must still control the helicopter by inputs to the rudder
pedals, cyclic and collective. The AI control algorithms take into account the
flight limitations for each type of helicopter.
Black Shark World
“DCS: Black Shark”
operations will be based in the western Caucus region and will include portions
of Russia, Georgia and a small part of Turkey. With Russia, special attention
is paid to the Krasnodarskiy, Karachayrvo-Cherkesiya, Kabardino-Balkariya and
Stavropol’skey regions. Some of this area will be recognizable from
“Flaming Cliffs”, but “DCS: Black Shark” has added a
considerable new amount of terrain, particularly much of Georgia. The
“DCS: Black Shark” map is approximately 330,000 sq. km of ground and
sea area.
Blue dots represent new
airbases
The map includes a wide array of topography that includes
plains, agriculture fields, forests, hills, mountains, streams, rivers, lakes
and seas.
The detail of the terrain height map has been increased in
“DCS: Black Shark” in order to provide a more realistic height field
to fly over in a helicopter at low altitude. Given the nature of attack
helicopter operations, having a detailed height map was a must-have. Large
portions of the “DCS: Black Shark” terrain height elevation matrix
contain twice the number of triangles that were used to create the
“Flaming Cliffs” terrain.
Two examples of
increased terrain mesh detail. To the left is the area between Tuapse and Sochi
and to the right is an example of the Batumi region.
The terrain
elevation matrix is particularly detailed in the Mineralnye Vody area of the
map. The left image above shows the elevation matrix from the same height as
the previous images. The right image above shows the center of the area but at
twice the scale (zoomed in). Note that the mesh is still looking very
detailed.
In addition to a finer terrain height mesh, we have
also increased the resolution of the terrain textures for population centers,
agricultural fields, and airbases. The other texture areas have been modified
to more accurately conform to the terrain height matrix. The below images
compare the same region in “Flaming Cliffs” and “DCS: Black
Shark”. The combination of the more detailed height map and the
high-resolution ground textures provide for a much more detailed terrain
environment to fly and fight over.
Examples of normal terrain
mesh and textures on left and improved terrain mesh and improved textures on
the right
With the expanded terrain, we have also added numerous
towns, cities, roads, rail lines, power lines, forests, rivers, streams and
many other features to populate the world. In regards to both the new and
existing terrain from “Flaming Cliffs”, we have increased the detail
and object / road density. Many of the buildings will also receive a face-lift
with upgraded detail.
To support air operations in the new areas,
“DCS: Black Shark” has added six new airfields, two in Russian and
four in Georgia. These new air bases are represented by the light-blue dots in
the image at the beginning of this section.
To give the small streams
a more natural look, “DCS: Black Shark” will include animation to the
water texture. The below images compare streams in “Flaming Cliffs”
and “DCS: Black Shark”.
Static
example of river on at the top and animated river below
Radio Navigation and Physics Modeling
DCS: Black
Shark features an authentic model of radio navigation equipment. The DCS world
includes various radio navigation aids available in the theater of operations
modeled in the simulation, including:
Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)
Airfield Outer Locator NDB
Airfield Inner Locator NDB
NDB Marker
Broadcasting station
Although not used by the Ka-50, the simulation code
supports various other types of radio navaids for future flyable aircraft,
theatres of operation and campaign scenarios, including:
RSBN
VOR
TACAN
VOR/TAC
DME
VOR/DME
ILS
ILS Marker
The DCS Ka-50 model includes the following radio
equipment:
ARK-22 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
Beacon ID Receiver
R-800L1 UHF radio
R-828 UHF radio
SPU-9 intercom
ABRIS Advanced Moving Map System (AMMS)
Outer Locator
NDB
In general, airfields are equipped with outer
and inner NDB locator beacons for each end of every runway at 4000 m. and 1300
m. respectively. Some airfields are configured differently according to local
conditions, such as sea or mountain proximity. Each beacon in the simulation is
assigned its realistic frequency in the 150-1750 kHz range and Morse code ID.
Additionally, each NDB locator beacon includes a co-located marker beacon
operating at 75 mHz. The map also includes realistically placed independent
NDBs with individual frequencies and IDs.
To conduct radio navigation, the Ka-50 pilot can use
the ARK-22 ADF and the ABRIS AMMS.
The ARK-22 ADF controls the Radio
Magnetic Indicator (RMI) needle on the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI),
pointing it in the direction of the transmitting signal. Using the ADF, the
pilot can select one of eight preset channels, each of which stores two radio
frequencies. Upon reaching the transmitter of the currently selected frequency,
the ADF automatically begins homing on the second and vice versa.
Alternatively, the pilot can manually select which of the two frequencies on
the selected channel to home on. For example, the first frequency in a given
ADF channel may be set to home on the airfield outer locator beacon and the
second on the inner locator beacon, etc. The pilot can verify selection of the
correct beacon by configuring the ADF to provide an audio transmission of the
beacon’s ID. While in real life the frequencies for each ADF channel are
set by ground personnel, the DCS player can edit these in the ADF configuration
files outside the simulation.
ARK HSI
FPL HSI
The ARK-22 ADF can also be slaved to the
R-800L1 UHF radio. In this case, the RMI needle on the HSI is directed toward
the transmitter on the frequency currently selected for the R-800L1 radio. For
example, the flight leader can maintain bearing to his wingman when the wingman
is transmitting a radio call. The R-800L1 radio can also be used to tune the
ADF to any broadcasting station, such as the commercial “Radio Mayak”
in Maykop city. The DCS player can load audio files into specially assigned
folders to be played when he tunes the radio to the frequency and modulation
setting of the broadcasting station.
Using the ABRIS AMMS, the pilot
can select any radio station in the database to guide to or obtain more
information on, including its code and ID. Using the ABRIS Options page, the
player can assign the ABRIS RMI 1 and/or 2 needles on the ARC and HSI pages to
display the radio beacon azimuth.
The SPU-9 intercom system provides
audio and microphone transmission for the pilot. It can be set to UHF1 (R-828),
UHF2 (R-800L1), KV (ADF and Marker Beacon), and NOP (ground link).
The
R-828 radio is used for communication with combat ground units and is not part
of the navigation equipment.
DCS: Black Shark features an expanded ground
personnel and airfield tower radio communications menu. Having provided power
to and properly configured the radios, the player can communicate with the
ground crew to request payload changes, fuel loads, sighting devices (HMS or
NVG), electric power to the aircraft, etc. The player can communicate with the
tower to request permission for engine start, taxi, test hover, etc.
GPS/GLONASS
The DCS radio physics model calculates every
transmission in real time and determines the local signal strength according to
numerous variables, including time of day (ionosphere effect), surface type
(rough terrain, paved surface, water, etc.), distance to transmitter,
transmitter power, etc. Because radio traffic is carried “live,”
reception can be interrupted at any point by either natural or artificial
interference, such as terrain topology or radio configuration. For example, if
the player changes his radio frequency, reception will cease, but can resume at
its actual point upon reconfiguring the radio back to the transmitter’s
frequency. AI units react to radio calls only if transmission is successful.
The frequency configuration files allow the DCS
player to configure the various frequencies used by in-game units, including
own flight, tower, AWACS, etc.
Hydraulics
Hydraulics
The Ka-50 hydraulic system is used to provide hydraulic
power to various helicopter systems. This consists of two subsystems:
The main hydraulic system supplies the flight control
servo actuators for pitch, bank, yaw and collective. In case of a common system
failure, it also ensures emergency landing gear extension.
The common system supplies the landing gear
extend/retract system, the main wheels brakes and cannon steering. In case of a
main system failure, it supplies the flight control servo actuators.
Each system consists of a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic
fluid tank, filters, valves, pipes and control elements. The pressure source
for both systems is provided by variable displacement pumps. The main
system’s pump is mounted on the left accessory gearbox of the main
gearbox, and it operates when the rotors are driven by the engines and also
when in autorotation. The common system’s pump is mounted on the aft
accessory gearbox of the main gearbox, and it operates when the rotors are
turning or when the APU is on.
There are hydraulic accumulators in each system to prevent
pressure oscillations. In the brake system there is a separate accumulator to
power the parking brakes (for up to 2 hours) after engines shut down, or power
the brakes during taxi in case of a common system failure. The main
system’s tank has a capacity of 13 liters and the common system tank has a
capacity of 17 liters.
Hydraulic system control is through fluid pressure and
temperature indicators and the pressure switches. The indicators are located on
the upper part of the cockpit control panel. The indicators include marks that
specify the operating range of each indicator:
Main and common systems pressure indicators. Marks for
64 and 90 kgf/cm
Accumulator pressure. Marks for 60 and 90
kgf/cm.
Brake system pressure indicator. Marks for 0 and 22
kgf/cm.
Systems fluid temperature indicators. Marks for
-10ϗ and +90ϗ
Pressure operating range 65…90
ËÇÓ/ÓÍ
Fluid temperature in flight no more than
+85ϗ
Pressure switches are installed in:
Flight controls servo actuators to indicate pressure
drop
Wheel brake system to indicate pressure drop in the
accumulator
In the tanks pressurization line
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